8.4

Vocab:
carbon cycle - the process by which carbon molecules move between organic matter and organic matter

greenhouse: the property that keeps the earth warm by trapping heat from the sun.

Concept Check:

An example of inorganics carbon being transfered into organic is when a plant absorbs the CO2 from the air and produce sugar. An example of organic compound moving carbon into inorganic compounds is when animals eat food and produce CO2.

Cabon Dioxide is very important to the Earth's climate because they trap heat from the sun to keep earth warm during the night.

8.3

• The Calvin cycle makes sugar from carbon dioxide
  


• Calvin cycle produces sugar and other organic compounds used as fuel
  


• Starting material is regenerated each cycle
  


• Starting material is RuBP, a sugar with five carbons
  


• Inputs of cycle: carbon dioxide, ATP, and NADPH
  


• Outputs: small energy-rich sugar molecule called G3P
  


• G3P: Raw material to make glucose and other organic molecules
  


• Light reactions take place in thylakoid membranes
  


• Convert light energy to chemical energy of ATP and NADPH
  


• Light reactions use water in equation and produce oxygen
  


• Calvin cycle takes place in stroma
  


• 
  


• Uses ATP and NADPH to convert carbon dioxide into sugar
  


• Photosynhesis is first step in flow of energy through ecosystem
  


• Chemical energy passed from producers to consumers
  


• Photosynthesis is ultimate source of food and oxygen

Concept Check 8.31) What are the

inputs and outputs of the Calvin cycle?The inputs are carbon dioxide, ATP, and NADPH.

The output is G3P.2)

Which stage of photosynthesis uses each reactant from the overall photosynthesis equation? Which stage generates each product from the overall photosynthesis equation?The light reactions use water as a reactant and produce oxygen. The Calvin cycle uses carbon dioxide as a reactant and produces sugar.3) Why is the Calvin cycle called a cycle?The Calvin cycle is a cycle because the starting material, RuBP, is regenerated.4) What molecule is the direct product of photosynthesis? How is that molecule then used by plant cells?The direct product of photosynthesis is a small sugar molecule called G3P. With G3P, plant cells can make glucose or any other organic molecule it needs.

Summary 8.2

• Sunlight is a type of electromagnetic energy


• these energys travel in waves


• A wavelength is the distance between two adjacent waves


• The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of different types of electromagnetic energies
  


• These types of electromagnetic energy include gamma rays, x-rays, UV, infrared and others.


• Visible light is the smallest fraction of the electromagnetic spectrum


• visible light consists of wavelengths from 400 nanometers to 700 nanometers


• Shorter wavelengths contain more energy


• people burned by the sun's UV rays people can develop skin cancer


• Colors are caused by chemical compounds known as pigments


• Pigments cannot absorb the same color of light.


• Paper chromatography is a method to observe pigments inside a leaf


• Photosystem is the membrane of the thylakoid


• Photosystems are like mini solar panels that absorb energy


• in the light reactions stage, two photosystems are used


• The first photosystem is used to split water molecules and producing oxygen as a waste but also release hydrogen ions.


• The second photosystem is a NADPH producing photosystem and is done by transferring excited electrons and hydrogen ions to NADP+.

Vocab:

-wavelength: the distance between two adjacent waves.

-electromagnetic spectrum: the range of electromagnetic energy.

-pigment: chemical compounds that decide the color of a substance.

-paper chromatography: a laboratory technique that is used to observe the pigments inside a leaf.

-photosystem: molecules that consists of clusters of chlorophyll a & b and carotenoids.

Concept Check:

1. A leaf is green because of its pigments and pigments are the chemical compounds in substances that decide what different colors they would have.

2. When a chlorophyll a molecule absorbs light they turn a electron from ground state to excited state and causes the electron to jump from molecule to molecule until it gets turned into ATP or NADPH through the primary electron acceptor.

3. Other than oxygen, ATP and NADPH is produced at the end of the light reactions stage.

4. Light reactions always take place inside the thylakoid which is inside the chloroplast.

The light reaction system.

Electromagnetic Spectrum

8.1

• Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplast of a plant
  


• Green parts of plants get by using photosynthesis
  


• Chloroplasts are concentrated in the cells of the mesophyll
  


• The mesophyll is the inner layer of tissue in a plant
  


• stomata are tiny pores found on surface of leave
  


• Carbon dioxide enters and oxygen exits through stomata
  


• Veins carry water and nutrients from the roots into the leaves
  


• Chloroplast has inner and outer membranes
  


• the inner membrane is encloses with a thick fluid called stroma
  


• Stroma has disk-shaped sacs called thylakoids
  


• In photosynthesis, electrons boosted "uphill" by light energy
  


• Thylakods organize chemical reactions of photosynthesis




• Excited electrons plus carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions produce sugar molecules
  


• the equation for photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6O2
  


• Two main stages: the Calvin cycle and light reactions
  


• Light reactions convert sunlight energy into chemical energy using photosynthesis
  


• Reactions depend on molecules built into thylakoid membranes
  


• Chlorophyll captures light energy
  


• Chloroplasts use energy to remove electrons from water
  


• Oxygen is "waste product" and is a product
  


• NADPH = Electrons + hydrogen ions
  


• Calvin cycle makes sugar from atoms in CO2, hydrogen ions, and high-energy electrons carried by NADPH
  


• ATP provides energy to make sugar
  


• Calvin cycle does not directly require light
  


• Requires two inputs from light reactions: ATP and NADPH
  

Vocabulary

Chloroplast: organelle found in plant cells where photosynthesis takes place

Chlorophyll: pigment that makes chloroplast green; uses light energy to split water molecules during photosynthesis

Stroma: thick fluid contained in inner membrane of a chloroplast

Thylakoid: disk-shaped sac in the stroma of a chloroplast; site of light reactions of photosynthesis

Light reactions: chemical reactions that convert sun's energy to chemical energy; take place in the membranes of thylakoids in the chloroplast

Calvin cycle: cycle in plants that makes sugar from carbon dioxide, H+ ions, and high-energy electrons carried by NADPH

Concept Check 8.1

1) ----------------------------------------------------------------------->

2) The reactants for photosynthesis are light energy, carbon dioxide, and water while the products are glucose and oxygen.

3) The two main stages of photosynthesis are the light reactions and the Calvin cycle. The light reactions convert light energy to chemical energy in the form of NADPH and ATP. The Calvin cycle then takes that energy to create sugar.