8.1

• Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplast of a plant
  


• Green parts of plants get by using photosynthesis
  


• Chloroplasts are concentrated in the cells of the mesophyll
  


• The mesophyll is the inner layer of tissue in a plant
  


• stomata are tiny pores found on surface of leave
  


• Carbon dioxide enters and oxygen exits through stomata
  


• Veins carry water and nutrients from the roots into the leaves
  


• Chloroplast has inner and outer membranes
  


• the inner membrane is encloses with a thick fluid called stroma
  


• Stroma has disk-shaped sacs called thylakoids
  


• In photosynthesis, electrons boosted "uphill" by light energy
  


• Thylakods organize chemical reactions of photosynthesis




• Excited electrons plus carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions produce sugar molecules
  


• the equation for photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6O2
  


• Two main stages: the Calvin cycle and light reactions
  


• Light reactions convert sunlight energy into chemical energy using photosynthesis
  


• Reactions depend on molecules built into thylakoid membranes
  


• Chlorophyll captures light energy
  


• Chloroplasts use energy to remove electrons from water
  


• Oxygen is "waste product" and is a product
  


• NADPH = Electrons + hydrogen ions
  


• Calvin cycle makes sugar from atoms in CO2, hydrogen ions, and high-energy electrons carried by NADPH
  


• ATP provides energy to make sugar
  


• Calvin cycle does not directly require light
  


• Requires two inputs from light reactions: ATP and NADPH
  

Vocabulary

Chloroplast: organelle found in plant cells where photosynthesis takes place

Chlorophyll: pigment that makes chloroplast green; uses light energy to split water molecules during photosynthesis

Stroma: thick fluid contained in inner membrane of a chloroplast

Thylakoid: disk-shaped sac in the stroma of a chloroplast; site of light reactions of photosynthesis

Light reactions: chemical reactions that convert sun's energy to chemical energy; take place in the membranes of thylakoids in the chloroplast

Calvin cycle: cycle in plants that makes sugar from carbon dioxide, H+ ions, and high-energy electrons carried by NADPH

Concept Check 8.1

1) ----------------------------------------------------------------------->

2) The reactants for photosynthesis are light energy, carbon dioxide, and water while the products are glucose and oxygen.

3) The two main stages of photosynthesis are the light reactions and the Calvin cycle. The light reactions convert light energy to chemical energy in the form of NADPH and ATP. The Calvin cycle then takes that energy to create sugar.