Page 106-107 questions 1-12, 14, 15.

1. Which of the following is not an organic molecule?
a. cellulose
b. sucrose
c. water
d. testosterone

2. Which of the following terms includes all the other terms on this list?
a. polysaccharides
b. carbohydrate
c. monosaccharide
d. glycogen

3. Which term is most appropriate to describe a molecule that dissolves easily in water?
a. hydrocarbon
b. hydrophobic
c. hydrophilic
d. organic

4. Cholesterol is an example of what kind of molecule?
a. protein
b. lipid
c. amino acid
d. carbohydrate

5. The 20 amino acids vary only in their
a. carboxyl goups.
b. side groups.
c. amino groups.
d. lipid groups.

6. A specific reactant an enzyme acts upon is called the
a. catalyst.
b. sucrase.
c. active site.
d. substrate.

7. An enzyme does which of the following?
a. adds heat to a reaction, speeding it up
b. lowers the activation energy of a reaction
c. cools a reaction, slowing it down
d. raises the activation energy of a reaction

Short Answer

8. Besides satisfying your hunger, why else might you consume a big bowl of pasta the night before a race?

something else it might do is provide protiens that help you survive

9. How are glucose, sucrose, and starch related?

they are glucose makes sucrose (in plant cells) and starch (plalnt cells)

10. What are steroids? Describe two functions they have in cells.

lipid molecule with four fused carbon rings

11. How are polypeptides related to proteins?

polypeptides are a chain of linked amino acids where proteins are 20 amino acids linked together

12. How does denaturation affect the ability of a protein to function?

the denaturation effect helps the protein to heat up allowing it to unfold the proteins because most of the forces that maintain folding are weak attractions between pairs of side groups, and between side groups and water. Hot molecules collide with enough force to overcome these weak attractions. Since a protein's function depends on its shape, a protein that becomes denatured and loses its shape also loses its ability to work properly.

14. Analyzing Diagrams The reaction below shows two amino acids joining together.
a. One product of this reaction is represented by a question mark. Which molecule is it?

water or H2O

b. What is this kind of reaction called? Explain.

it is called a chemical reaction and the H2O molecule is lost in the process

c. If an amino acid were added to this chain, at what two places could it attach?

it would attach between the hydrogen and the oxygen molecules

15. Analyzing Graphs Use the graph to answer the questions below.
a. At which temperature does enzyme A perform best? Enzyme B?

A. 38 degrees and B. 78 degrees

b. Knowing that one of these enzymes is found in humans and the other in thermophilic (heat-loving) bacteria, hypothesize which enzyme came from which organism.

i think that Enzyme A came from an organism because the temperature is closer to that of a human

c. Propose a hypothesis that explains why the rate of the reaction catalyzed by enzyme A slows down at temperatures above 40°C.

because much farther after 4o degrees C a human being will die

5.5 Enzymes are proteins that speed up specific reactions in cells

• activation energy is the minimum amount of "start up" energy possible


• catalysts are compounds that speed up chemical reaction


• the main catalysts of a chemical are specialized proteins called enzymes


• a specific reactant acted upon by enzymes is called the enzyme's substrate


• the substrate is in a region called the active site


• the fit between the substrate and an enzyme is smooth


• a way that an enzyme can lower the activation energy is by accepting two reactant energies

Concept Check

1. Explain the role of activation energy in a reaction. how does an enzyme affect activation energy.

The role of activation energy in a chemical reaction is to get things moving. In fireworks you need too light the fuse to have the firework go off.

2. Describe how a substrate interacts with an enzyme.

A substrate is surrounded by an enzyme and the ridge between them is smooth.

5.4 Protiens perform most functions in cells

• a protein is a polymer constructed from a set of just 20 kinds of monomers called amino acids


• an amino acid monomer consists of a central carbon atom bonded to four partners


• by linking amino acids together into a chain called polypeptide


• a protein in the simple form of amino acids linked together cannot function properly


• an unfavorable change in temperature, pH, or some other quality of environment can cause a protein to unravel and lose its normal shape which is a process called denaturation of the protein

Concept check

1. Give at least two examples of proteins you can "see" in the world around you. What are their functions?

1. hair and fur; its function is provide warmth and protection

2. muscle tissue; its function is to allow us to move

2. Relate amino acids, polypeptides, and proteins.

Amino acids are monomers that consist of a central carbon atom; polypeptides are made of linked amino acids; and a protein, like a polypeptide, is made of 20 amino acids.

3. Explain how heat can destroy a protein.

Heat can destroy a protein because hot molecules collide with enough power to break the weak attraction.

4. Which parts of an amino acid's structure are the same in all amino acids? Which part is unique?

The central base of an amino acid's structure which contains the 4 partners - carbon atom, hydrogen, and two others - are always the same in an amino acid. The side group that attaches to the 4 bond is the unique part of an amino acid's structure.

5.3 Lipids include fats and steroids

• oil cannot mix with water it is considered a lipid.


• the name for water evading molecules is hydrophobic which means "water fearing".


• an action of lipids is to surround water contents in cells.


• a saturated fat is a fat with three fatty acids containing the maximum number of hydrogen


• a fat is a three-carbon backbone called glycerol attached to three fatty acids


• unsaturated fats contain less than the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible


• lipid molecules in which the carbon skeleton forms four fused rings is a steroid


• cholesterol is just one of many types of steroids

Concept Check

1. What property do lipids share?

they all do not mix with water

2. What are the parts of a fat molecule?

a part of a fat molecule is a three-carbon backbone

3. Describe two ways that steroids differ from fats.

1. steroids form from four fused rings

2. fats are made of three fatty acids

4. What does the term unsaturated fat on a food label mean?

unsaturated fats contain less than the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible

5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules

• carbon is in all living things
• it only can have 4 electrons at the highest occupied energy,
• the energy level can hold up to 8 electrons
• each atom can branch up to 4 different directions.
• most carbon based molecules are based as organic molecules
• non carbon based molecules are called inorganic molecules
• besides bonding with other carbon atoms they might bond with atoms of other elements.
• an organic molecule composed of only carbon or hydrogen is called hydrocarbons.
• a functional group is a group of atoms within a molecule that interacts in predictable ways.
• hydrophylic is a group that contains hydroxyl and it attracts water
• small molecules are made of monomers and the cells that hold them together are called polymers.

Concept check

draw a molecule that has a three carbon skeleton and a hydroxyl group on the middle carbon

Explain the connection between monomers and polymers.

Polymers are made of monomers in a long chain like structure

What molecule is released during construction of a polymer? What is this reaction called?

A water molecule is released during the construction of a polymer, it is called the dehydration reaction

Draw three ways 5 carbon atoms could be joined to make different carbon skeletons.

C-C-C-C-C

C-C-C-C

C

C

/ \

C C

\ /

C C

5.2 Carbohydrates provide fuel and building material

• A carbohydrate is an organic compound made up of sugar molecules
• Sugars is made of a ratio of 1 carbon 2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen
• Simple sugars are called monosaccharides
• Disaccharides are just two mono saccharides held together with a chain
• Polysaccharides are long polymer chains made of simple sugars
• Glycogen is a polysaccharides that stores extra sugar
• When the body needs energy it breaks down this glycogen for sugar
• The polysaccharide cellulose protect cells and stiffen plants preventing it from falling over
• Cellulose is fiber, and it goes through the digestive tract unchanged carbon keeps you healthy but it gives you no nutrients
• Almost all carbohydrates are hydrophobic
  
  

Concept Check:

1. Explain the difference between a Monosaccharide and a Disaccharide. Give an example of each.

The difference between a monosaccharide and a disaccharide is that a monosaccharide has just 1 sugar unit while a disaccharide has 2. 1 monosaccharide is Glucose, a disaccharide is sucrose (meaning multiple).

2. Compare and contrast starch, glycogen, and cellulose.

All are polysaccharides, found in plants and have glucose monomers. starch is found in plant cells where as glycogen cells and cellulose and they protect cells

3. How do animals store excess glucose molecules?

Excess glucose in animals is stored through starch

Starch